{"id":300,"date":"2016-10-11T17:10:56","date_gmt":"2016-10-11T17:10:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrp0331\/?page_id=300"},"modified":"2016-11-14T17:53:38","modified_gmt":"2016-11-14T17:53:38","slug":"regulatory-and-policy-issues-for-air-cargo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/regulatory-and-policy-issues-for-air-cargo\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulatory and Policy Issues for Air Cargo Development"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Regulatory and Policy Issues for Air Cargo Development<\/h1>\n<div class=\"col-md-12 col-lg-8\">\n<p>Regulations and policies affect every movement in the air cargo system. These regulations and policies can create challenges and risks for airports, and affect air cargo market performance and future development. In order to prepare for these changes, airports need to learn the current and upcoming regulations for air cargo operations. Security, safety, and environmental regulatory changes have the potential to impact air cargo operations.<\/p>\n<h4>Security Policy<\/h4>\n<p>Since the events of September 11, 2001, the security regulations of the air cargo sector, like the passenger airline service, have increased drastically. The <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>, which is part of the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Department of Homeland Security&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">DHS<\/span>, has several policies and programs that impact air cargo shipments in the U.S. Click on each topic to read more:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"accordion\"><a href=\"#911\">The 9\/11 Commission Act of 2007<\/a><\/li>\n<div id=\"911\" class=\"collapse\">\n<p>The 9\/11 Commission Act of 2007 requires <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> to establish a system for the industry to screen 100 percent of cargo transported on passenger aircraft in the U.S. to ensure high risk cargo is inspected. <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> developed the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Certified Cargo Screening Program&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">CCSP<\/span> to meet this goal. The <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Certified Cargo Screening Program&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">CCSP<\/span> allows <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> to certify cargo screening facilities and enables freight forwarders and shippers to pre-screen cargo prior to arrival at the airport.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<li class=\"accordion\"><a href=\"#knownshipper\"><span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>&rsquo;s Known Shipper Program<\/a><\/li>\n<div id=\"knownshipper\" class=\"collapse\">\n<p><span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> has consolidated approximately 4,000 private industry known shipper lists into one central database managed by <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>. <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>&rsquo;s Known Shipper Program prohibits air carriers from accepting cargo that does not originate from shippers who meet <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>&rsquo;s Known Shipper requirements. <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> requires background checks of off-airport freight forwarder employees. The rule also extends to secure areas of airports to include ramps and cargo facilities and requires that employees of freight forwarders attend enhanced security training courses developed by <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<li class=\"accordion\"><a href=\"#security\">TSA-approved security programs for Indirect Air Carriers<\/a><\/li>\n<div id=\"security\" class=\"collapse\">\n<p><span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Transportation Security Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">TSA<\/span> also has requirements for an IAC or any person or entity within the U.S. not in possession of an <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Federal Aviation Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">FAA<\/span> air carrier operating certificate, which ships cargo belonging to any other person or entity. An IAC is often a freight forwarder that engages in tendering cargo directly to an air carrier. Each IAC must adopt and carry out a TSA-approved security program.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Customs and Border Protection&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">CBP<\/span>, which is also part of the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Department of Homeland Security&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">DHS<\/span>, monitors the flow of goods through U.S. ports of entry and enforces the regulations that impact air cargo security.<\/p>\n<h4>Safety Regulations<\/h4>\n<p>Air cargo carriers must follow an FAA-approved aircraft maintenance program. Currently, the certification standards for cargo aircraft are less stringent than passenger carriers, but this may change in the future as concerns about an aging fleet and aircraft modifications increase. The <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Federal Aviation Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">FAA<\/span> also conducts aviation safety oversight assessments of other countries to determine if they are complying with their obligations under the 1944 Chicago Convention. If the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Federal Aviation Administration&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">FAA<\/span> finds the country meets the safety practices, it assigns a Category I rating and allows for a bilateral agreement (Discussed in the <a href=\"#intl_regs\">International Regulations and Policy<\/a> section below).<\/p>\n<h4>Environmental Regulations<\/h4>\n<p>Airports must be aware of and be prepared to address the additional noise and emissions that could occur with increased air cargo operations. Over the last several decades air cargo, which often uses older, less-efficient, noisier planes, has had a higher negative environmental impact&ndash;including greenhouse gas and carbon emissions&ndash;than other modes such as land and sea. Environmental and sustainability policies aimed at improving carbon efficiency and cutting emissions are becoming more prevalent around the world and many air cargo carriers have voluntarily taken steps to reduce their environmental impact through improved fuel efficiency, fleet renewal, and improved e-commerce. As more and more countries adopt environmental policies, the U.S. may also feel the pressure to adopt new policies regarding emissions control. New aircraft technology and bio-fuels are allowing for improvements in emissions.<\/p>\n<h4>International Regulations and Policy<\/h4>\n<p id=\"intl_regs\">International aviation is governed by bilateral and multilateral agreements between two or more countries&rsquo; governments. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boeing.com\/resources\/boeingdotcom\/company\/about_bca\/pdf\/StartupBoeing_Freedoms_of_the_Air.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Freedoms of the Air<\/a> are the international aviation agreements that were developed during the Chicago Convention to set forth a framework for air commerce. There are nine freedoms of the air that grant a country&rsquo;s airlines the right to enter and land in another country&rsquo;s airspace. The U.S. has an Open Skies policy and has set forth agreements with hundreds of countries around the world. It is anticipated that bilateral agreements and air freedom rights will continue to expand over the next decade which will allow for more efficient movement of air cargo and continued expansion of trade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regulatory and Policy Issues for Air Cargo Development Regulations and policies affect every movement in the air cargo system. These regulations and policies can create challenges and risks for airports, and affect air cargo market performance and future development. In order to prepare for these changes, airports need to learn the current and upcoming regulations &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/regulatory-and-policy-issues-for-air-cargo\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Regulatory and Policy Issues for Air Cargo Development&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-resources-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-300","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=300"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1657,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions\/1657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crp.trb.org\/acrpwebresource1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}